Phytochemicals, Herbal Extracts, and Dietary Supplements for Metabolic Disease Management.

Comprehensive and effective care techniques have become essential due to the global epidemic dimensions of metabolic disorders, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular ailments. Recent research highlights the potential of dietary supplements, herbal extracts, and phytochemicals in treating metabolic diseases. This abstract conveys the current state of the science in this field by highlighting these findings' underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications. Plant-based diets contain naturally occurring bioactive molecules termed phytochemicals, which have shown promise in treating various metabolic illnesses. Examples include curcumin, flavonoids, and polyphenols' insulin-sensitizing, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory properties. Herbal extracts, derived from ancient medicinal herbs, have been used by people for years to treat a wide range of ailments. Recent studies have shown the efficacy of these strategies in improving lipid profiles, glucose metabolism, and overall cardiovascular health. Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals are just a few of the numerous nutritional supplements that are critical to metabolic health. These vitamins improve insulin sensitivity, regulate blood sugar, and decrease inflammation. Probiotics and prebiotics also affect the gut flora, which significantly affects metabolic function. These natural medicines' ability to treat metabolic diseases either by themselves or in combination with conventional medical interventions. However, when using it therapeutically, one must consider the differences in doses, individual responses, and bioavailability. The article concludes that phytochemicals, plant extracts, and food supplements offer a promising avenue for the management of metabolic illnesses. Comprehensive research, including clinical studies, is needed to ascertain their safety and efficacy characteristics. When added to treatment strategies, these natural therapies could be helpful supplements that improve overall health and the quality of life among individuals with metabolic diseases. Naringenin, a citrus flavonoid, can potentially prevent kidney injury in hyperuricemia by reducing uric acid, inflammation, apoptosis, DNA damage, and activating antioxidants. Further research and professional consultation are essential. Factors contributing to metabolic diseases, current approaches to management nutritional approaches for managing obesityassociated metabolic impairments in the liver and small intestine, and nutritional approaches for managing obesity-associated metabolic dysregulation are also explained briefly.

Etomidate-ketamine versus dexmedetomidine-ketamine for entropy-guided procedural sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures: A randomized single blind study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The major challenge for the anesthetist in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures is to provide moderate to deep levels of sedation in prone position with preservation of spontaneous respiratory efforts in shared airway scenario with an endoscopist. These patients have other comorbidities, making them vulnerable to complications during the routinely used sedation with propofol. We compared the entropy-guided efficacy of combination of etomidate-ketamine to dexmedetomidine-ketamine in patients undergoing ERCP. METHODS: This prospective single blind randomized entropy-guided trial was conducted on 60 patients with etomidate-ketamine in group I (n = 30) and dexmedetomidine-ketamine in group II (n = 30). The purpose was to compare etomidate-ketamine versus dexmedetomidine-ketamine for ERCP in terms of intraprocedural hemodynamics with desaturation, onset of sedation, recovery time and endoscopist's satisfaction. RESULTS: Hypotension was observed only in six (20%) patients of group II (p < 0.009). Two patients of group I and three in group II desaturated (Spo2 < 90) briefly during the procedure, but none of the patient required intubation (p > 0.05). The mean time in minutes of onset of sedation was 1.15 in group I and 5.6 in group II (p < 0.001). Endoscopists' satisfaction was better in group I (p ≤ 0.001) and length of recovery room stay was shorter in group I as compared to that in group II (p ≤ 0.007). CONCLUSION: We conclude that entropy-guided intravenous procedural sedation with etomidate-ketamine combination provides faster onset of sedation, stable periprocedural hemodynamics, rapid recovery and fair to excellent endoscopist satisfaction compared to dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination for ERCP.

Sex differences in the fecal microbiome and hippocampal glial morphology following diet and antibiotic treatment.

Rising obesity rates have become a major public health concern within the United States. Understanding the systemic and neural effects of obesity is crucial in designing preventive and therapeutic measures. In previous studies, administration of a high fat diet has induced significant weight gain for mouse models of obesity. Interestingly, sex differences in high-fat diet-induced weight gain have been observed, with female mice gaining significantly less weight compared to male mice on the same high-fat diet. It has also been observed that consumption of a high-fat diet can increase neurogliosis, but the mechanism by which this occurs is still not fully understood. Recent research has suggested that the gut microbiome may mediate diet-induced glial activation. The current study aimed to (1) analyze changes to the gut microbiome following consumption of a high fat (HF) diet as well as antibiotic treatment, (2) evaluate hippocampal microgliosis and astrogliosis, and (3) identify sex differences within these responses. We administered a low fat (Research Diets D12450 K) or high fat diet (Research Diets D12451) to male and female C57Bl/6 mice for sixteen weeks. Mice received an antibiotic cocktail containing 0.5g/L of vancomycin, 1.0 g/L ampicillin, 1.0 g/L neomycin, and 1.0 g/L metronidazole in their drinking water during the last six weeks of the study and were compared to control mice receiving normal drinking water throughout the study. We observed a significant reduction in gut microbiome diversity for groups that received the antibiotic cocktail, as determined by Illumina next-generation sequencing. Male mice fed the HF diet (± antibiotics) had significantly greater body weights compared to all other groups. And, female mice fed the low fat (LF) diet and administered antibiotics revealed significantly decreased microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus compared to LF-fed females without antibiotics. Interestingly, male mice fed the LF diet and administered antibiotics revealed significantly increased microgliosis, but decreased astrogliosis, compared to LF-fed males without antibiotics. The observed sex differences in LF-fed mice given antibiotics brings forward questions about sex differences in nutrient metabolism, gut microbiome composition, and response to antibiotics.

Sex differences in response to a high fat, high sucrose diet in both the gut microbiome and hypothalamic astrocytes and microglia.

Objectives: Obesity is a major epidemic in our population and has emerged as a primary health concern. Consumption of a high fat, high sugar (HFHS) diet can specifically lead to gut dysbiosis, increased inflammation, and neuroinflammation. Interestingly, sex differences in the response to a HFHS diet are emerging. In this study, we investigated the effects of a HFHS diet compared to a low fat, low sugar (LFLS) diet in 8 week old male and female C57Bl/6 mice.Methods: The diet was administered for 14 weeks; body weights and food consumption were evaluated weekly.Results: Male and female mice fed the HFHS diet gained significantly more weight than LFLS-fed mice. However, in agreement with previous studies, males gained significantly more weight on the HFHS diet compared to females fed the same diet. Importantly, we determined significant sex and diet-induced differences to gut microbiome composition using next generation Illumina sequencing. We also observed significantly less astrocyte densitometry and no significant change to microglial morphology in the hypothalamus of Female HFHS compared to Female LFLS. On the other hand, Male HFHS revealed no change to hypothalamic astrogliosis, but increased microgliosis compared to Male LFLS.Discussion: In this study, we determined sex and diet-induced differences in both the gut and the brain, however, future studies will need to be performed in order to test the direct role of the gut microbiome to weight gain and neuroinflammation in male and female mice.

Solid-State Fermentation of Carrot Pomace for the Production of Inulinase by Penicillium oxalicum BGPUP-4.

Inulinases are an important class of industrial enzymes which are used for the production of high-fructose syrup and fructooligosaccharides. Inulin, a polyfructan, is generally employed for the production of inulinase, which is a very expensive substrate. A number of agroindustrial residues have been used for cost-effective production of inulinases. In the present study, carrot pomace was selected as a substrate for the production of inulinase by Penicillium oxalicum BGPUP-4 in solid-state fermentation. Carrot pomace is one of the good substrates for bioprocesses, because it is rich in soluble and insoluble carbohydrates. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) used in response surface methodology was employed for the optimal production of inulinase from carrot pomace. Using CCRD, 15 runs were practiced to optimize the range of three independent variables: moisture content (70-90%), incubation time (4-6 days) and pH (5.0-7.0) for inulinase production. Carrot pomace supplemented with 0.5% inulin as an inducer, 0.2% NH4H2PO4, 0.2% NaNO3, 0.2% KH2PO4, 0.05% MgSO4·7H2O and 0.001% FeSO4·7H2O was used for the production of inulinase in solid-state fermentation at 30 °C. Inulinase production (322.10 IU per g of dry substrate) was obtained under the optimized conditions, i.e. moisture content of 90%, incubation time 4 days and pH=7.0. The corresponding inulinase/invertase (I/S) ratio (3.38) was also high, which indicates the inulolytic nature of the enzyme. Multiple correlation coefficients R for inulinase production and I/S ratio were 0.9995 and 0.9947, respectively. The R value very close to one indicates an excellent correlation between experimental and predicted results.

The role of vicinal tyrosine residues in the function of Haemophilus influenzae ferric-binding protein A.

The periplasmic FbpA (ferric-binding protein A) from Haemophilus influenzae plays a critical role in acquiring iron from host transferrin, shuttling iron from the outer-membrane receptor complex to the inner-membrane transport complex responsible for transporting iron into the cytoplasm. In the present study, we report on the properties of a series of site-directed mutants of two adjacent tyrosine residues involved in iron co-ordination, and demonstrate that, in contrast with mutation of equivalent residues in the N-lobe of human transferrin, the mutant FbpAs retain significant iron-binding affinity regardless of the nature of the replacement amino acid. The Y195A and Y196A FbpAs are not only capable of binding iron, but are proficient in mediating periplasm-to-cytoplasm iron transport in a reconstituted FbpABC pathway in a specialized Escherichia coli reporter strain. This indicates that their inability to mediate iron acquisition from transferrin is due to their inability to compete for iron with receptor-bound transferrin. Wild-type iron-loaded FbpA could be crystalized in a closed or open state depending upon the crystallization conditions. The synergistic phosphate anion was not present in the iron-loaded open form, suggesting that initial anchoring of iron was mediated by the adjacent tyrosine residues and that alternate pathways for iron and anion binding and release may be considered. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the presence of a twin-tyrosine motif common to many periplasmic iron-binding proteins is critical for initially capturing the ferric ion released by the outer-membrane receptor complex.

Improved HRV characterization using OCDWT.

In this paper an over-complete discrete wavelet transform (OCDWT) algorithm, obtained by blending two wavelet transform implementations that is redundant wavelet transform and the Mallat's multiresolution decomposition, has been proposed to retrieve the time-varying characteristics of HRV under two different postures, supine and standing. The OCDWT algorithm is critically sub-sampled to a given level of decomposition, below which it is then fully sampled. Five subjects were included to investigate posture-related HRV. The results showed that the high frequency fluctuations are larger in supine and get significantly reduced in standing in comparison to low frequency variations. Moreover, the very low frequency heart beat fluctuations during supine were greater than during standing. Further a comparative analysis has also been made between the Mallat's and OCDWT implementation in order to show the superiority of proposed algorithm.